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success in flight did not come without

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failure during the past century

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explorers from Earth have failed many

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times to escape from their planet where

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they have been imprisoned by the chains

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of gravity since the dawn of time but

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with each failure came new knowledge

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with over the years led to success

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enabling space pioneers to build a

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celestial highway to take them on

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in the world of spaceflight hardware

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success requires reliable design

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manufacturing and testing after being

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manufactured and assembled with

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precision spacecraft are tested in a

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laboratory to determine if they can

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survive the rigorous launching into

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orbit and other hostilities of the space

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environment the idea of testing a

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machine before flying it began long

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before rocket flights commenced in the

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1940s the Wright brothers built their on

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win time and tested a variety of wind

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shapes they also flew more than 1000

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flights at Kitty Hawk with a powerless

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glider during 1902 one year before their

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historical powered flight Wilbur Wright

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to allay parental fears about the 1903

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flight wrote a letter to his father in

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which he said the man who wishes to keep

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it the problem long enough to really

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learn anything positively must not take

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dangerous risks carelessness and

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overconfidence are usually more

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dangerous than deliberately accepted

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risks Wilbur Wright concluded the Wright

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brothers understood that flying was

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risky but felt the dangers could be

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understood controlled and accepted the

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tradition of flight testing begun by the

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Wright brothers is continued today in a

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broadly expanded way and one of the

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world's leading space science

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laboratories NASA's Goddard Space Flight

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Center just outside of Washington DC

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Goddard is among the world's leading

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pioneers in developing the technology

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for building and environmentally testing

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scientific instruments spacecraft and

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Godard has the in-house capability to

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conceive design manufacture test and

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deliver scientific instruments and

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complete Space Systems to investigate

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the physical universe in which we live

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Goddard's overall capability to support

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wide-ranging scientific investigations

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makes it one of the most unique space

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science laboratories in the world during

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the 25 years that Goddard hardware

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capabilities were being developed more

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than 40 complete spacecraft systems were

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integrated and tested services for

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another 2,000 sounding rocket missions

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were also provided the Goddard team

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always striving for excellence has

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established a reliability record that is

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unparalleled in space technology since

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Goddard stores opened for business in

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1960 all spacecraft or spaceflight

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systems which were built integrated and

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tested at the Goddard Space Flight

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Center have worked successfully in orbit

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the manufacturing and testing facilities

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at Goddard were designed originally for

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the small Explorer class of spacecraft

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several modifications were made over the

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years to accommodate larger spacecraft

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or space systems like the orbiting

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astronomical observatory international

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ultraviolet Explorer solar maximum

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mission and the OSS one out

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currently Goddard is integrating and

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testing the cosmic background Explorer

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or Kobe for short Kobe is the largest

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spacecraft which can be integrated and

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tested using existing Goddard facilities

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Goddard plans to expand existing

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integration and testing facilities to

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accommodate the larger spacecraft under

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development today as well as those being

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designed for the 21st century the

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complex technologies associated with the

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development of space flight systems

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require the intimate partnership of

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engineers technicians and scientists to

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accomplish rapid progress at the

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frontiers of knowledge the design

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manufacturing and environmental testing

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teams atwater work in harmony like the

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members of a symphony orchestra to

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produce a result far beyond the

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capability of any single individual the

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Goddard facilities are instruments in

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the hands of professionals who operate

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them and are among the best in the

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aerospace community Goddard maintains a

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complete manufacturing facility

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including computer-aided manufacturing

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equipment and traditional manually

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operated machine

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by using computer-aided manufacturing

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techniques spaceflight hardware

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components can be machined using precise

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computer-controlled equipment computer

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aided manufacturing allows complex

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machine tasks to be performed including

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geometrical configurations with

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intersections of curves and angles that

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cannot be machined using traditional

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methods spacecraft and instrument

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components are electro chemically

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processed to guard against oxidation and

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to provide for thermal and electrical

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conductivity and electrical resistance a

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wide range of electroplating

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capabilities is available including

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nickel black nickel copper gold irrigate

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anodized silver and electro polishing

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for spacecraft thermal purposes

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inorganic tanks and are not commercially

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available are formulated and applied to

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flight hardware composite coatings and

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techniques are developed for the vacuum

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deposition of metals on spacecraft

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surfaces and experiments all the

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protective risers for the astronauts

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helmets are vacuum coated at dhadak

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using a unique process plastic and

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elastomer technology and fabrication

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services for constructing and assembling

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spacecraft and experimental components

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are available the ultraviolet

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transmitting plexiglass light pipes for

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the energetic gamma ray experiment

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telescope which will fly on the gamma

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ray Observatory were manufactured at

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Goddard Space Systems manufactured by

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Goddard are qualified through a rigorous

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verification program to assure flight

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readiness components are subjected to a

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wide range of tests and environmental

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exposures that simulate peak loads to be

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encountered during their lifetime after

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a spacecraft has been fully integrated

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the system is tested to make sure it

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works under anticipated flight and

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orbital conditions Goddard environmental

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testing capabilities are broadly divided

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into structural testing magnetic and

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electromagnetic measurements and space

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simulation structural testing includes

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all phases of static and dynamic testing

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covering vibration shock and orbit

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retrieval and landing these tests are

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conducted developing the integrity of

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static load testing provides a solution

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to the increasing need for step stress

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testing of structure using hydraulic

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loading systems acceleration testing

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instructors is an alternative to static

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load testing the launch base simulator

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is a high-capacity centric view and

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imposes loads on a structure typical of

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actual fight acceleration rod launch

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phase

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similarly can exert acceleration forces

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up to 30 G's on space structures

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weighing up to 5,000 pounds a dynamic

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test called mobile survey is also

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conducted the major the response of

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structures to vibratory load the modal

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server allows for a direct comparison

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with actual mobile parameters with the

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mathematical model migration exciters

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which generate a range of sine and

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random forces over a frequency range of

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five to two thousand Hertz and in

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whether than 30 pounds to 35 thousand

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pounds are they these exciter systems

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similarly the types of vibration space

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Hardware experience during launching and

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again during re-entry aboard the space

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shuttle to simulate the noise

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environment during launching space

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flight components are tested in an

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acoustic facility which consists of a

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reverberation chamber acoustic horns and

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noise generators

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noise levels up to 150 decibels which

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would see the shuttle environment level

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inside the shuttle payload Bay can be

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generated in the acoustic facility after

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structural loads testing is completed

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the spacecraft is subjected to ultrafine

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vacuum and chemical cleaning before it

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enters the plenum to begin electronic

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assembly and intubation cleanroom

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standards at Goddard are among the

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strictest in the aerospace industry the

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particles such as dust or human dandruff

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or contaminants such as grease or other

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hydrocarbons migrate to sensitive

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surfaces that could degrade components

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or balance contaminants can compromise

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the objective of a scientific instrument

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or can be the direct cause of a total

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spacecraft failure Goddard operates a

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main cleanroom for spacecraft assembly

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and several clean tents for the Assembly

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of subsystems and instruments the

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Goddard contamination control system

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filters the air to prevent particles of

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a size larger than one 300 the diameter

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of a single human hair from entering the

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cleanroom spacecraft and flight

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components also undergo magnetic and

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electromagnetic measurements and the

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magnetic test facility technicians

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perform simulations of the magnetic

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field environment of near

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torment or planetary space for

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calibrating instruments and spacecraft

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the magnetic test facility totally

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constructed from non-magnetic materials

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is the only one of its kind in the

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United States making it a national

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resource the Department of Defense and

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several other government agencies as

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well as private companies use the

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facility shielded rooms are available

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for electromagnetic interference and

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compatibility testing of flight hardware

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in a clean environment the frequency and

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amplitude of intentionally generated

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signals as well as spurious signals

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produced by the hardware are measured in

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the electromagnetic test facility

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electromagnetic compatibility Commerce

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which could interfere with spacecraft or

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instrument operation are detected and

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corrected spacecraft undergo their final

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tests in the space environment

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simulating although each of the many

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working parts of a spacecraft have been

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tested earlier at low levels higher than

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those expected for their space mission

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they are now asked to work again at

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expected loans as one single spacecraft

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system

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under vacuum conditions spacecraft

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experience a wide range of thermal

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conditions from a minus 300 degrees

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Fahrenheit to plus 200 degrees

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Fahrenheit during the entire thermal

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vacuum testing period spacecraft are

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operated at extreme and normal

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temperature just as if they were in

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orbit Goddard has several thermal vacuum

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chambers of various sizes up to 30 feet

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in diameter by 40 feet high Goddard's

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history in developing space systems for

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orbital flight has been long and

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distinguished Goddard is the only NASA

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federal government field center with an

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in-house capability of taking space

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hardware from design through

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manufacturing and testing with an eye

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toward the future Goddard has been

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assigned a major role for servicing

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spacecraft systems under development

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such as the Hubble Space Telescope grow

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new ARS and future spacecraft such as

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access

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guards parking space craft servicing

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on-orbit is an outgrowth of the Center's

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success in the pioneering solar max

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repair mission to accommodate future

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spacecraft systems such as the Explorer

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series as well as the co-orbiting and

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polar platforms for Space Station

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Goddard is planning to expand existing

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integration and testing facilities for

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this next generation of spacecraft for

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work operations will be demonstrated

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first on the ground in a clean

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laboratory environment to protect the

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flight hardware from contamination

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facilities which provide a contamination

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free environment are essential to the

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reliable performance of the large

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the Goddard Space Flight Center stands

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ready to take the next major step in

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space research in 1984 President Reagan

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permitted the United States to having a

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permanently manned space station

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operating within a decade the president

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said that a space station was needed for

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peaceful economic and scientific game

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space station is NASA's next logical

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step in America's space program Goddard

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is planning facilities to support NASA's

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space science program in the 1990s and

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space exploration well into the 21st

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century

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when pioneering men and women from many